1956
Above: Honourable T. Duff Pattullo and Dr. R.E. McKechnie in academic regalia.
[Image: City of Vancouver Archives AM54-S4-: Port P806]
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You’ll note that these years include events listed under “Also in . . .” These are events for which we don’t have a specific date. If YOU know the specific date of an event shown there, please notify us . . . and cite the source! Many thanks!
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January 11 Harry Hooper died in Vancouver, aged 81. “When he offered himself and his wheezy, two-cylinder Ford for hire in 1903,” Tom Hawthorn has written, “he became Vancouver’s first taxi driver. Seven years later, he opened Harry Hooper Ltd., the city’s first taxi company. Born in Napanee, Ont., he arrived in Vancouver with his mother in 1886. His was a wanderer’s soul, so he made busy by driving cattle in the Cariboo, by joining the Klondike gold rush, and by touring Asia with a troupe of professional cyclists. Handsome Harry, as he called himself, died after a lengthy illness in an office he used as an apartment in the Ray Building, 144 West Hastings.”
January 16 The Hastings East Community Centre was opened.
January 27 This was the last day of the inquiry into the activities of Vancouver police chief Walter Mulligan. (See 1955 for details on the inquiry.) The inquiry’s head, R.G. Tupper, QC, later found that, with the exception of Sgt. Leonard Cuthbert and Mulligan, he couldn’t be sure of anyone else’s guilt.
What followed led reporter Jack Webster to label the commission a “whitewash.” The Attorney General’s office ruled that it didn’t have enough evidence to support Tupper’s finding of corruption and could not take the case to court.
That meant Mulligan would not be charged, and was in fact free to return to Canada at any time. He would do just that in May of 1963, retiring to Oak Bay, accompanied by his wife Violet, who had stood by his side during the whole business.
Nobody ever went to jail.
Mulligan died in Oak Bay in May of 1987. His obit appeared in the Sun on Page 19. The story was, after all, more than 30 years old by then.
The story is told in The Mulligan Affair: Top Cop on the Take by Ian Macdonald and Betty O’Keefe, published in 1997 by Heritage House. Jack Webster’s and Ray Munro’s autobiographies also treat the case at some length.
January 30 The Province reported that $90 million tourist dollars came into the Province in 1955, $50 million of that into Vancouver. “. . . that adds up to 10 times as much as the wealth produced by gold mines in B.C.; almost three times as much as the salmon industry, and double Vancouver’s record construction program.”
February 4 The Vancouver Sun’s Bill Fletcher, commenting on the tourism figures cited above, figures Vancouverites spend 19 cents per capita to bring in its $50 million; Victoria spends 98 cents; San Diego, about the same size as Vancouver, 46 cents; Miami $1.52; Tucson $2.22; Palm Springs $8.60; Honolulu $1.30. “Included in the many plans is a convention bureau set-up that could bring many millions to the Vancouver area in the normally slack winter months.”
Also February 4 My Fair Lady premiered in New York.
February 13 BC artist Marc Courtemanche was born.
March 20 The Province reported that three UBC students—Jane Gordon, Sharon Engelbeen and Debbie Wilkins—have mastered 1,000 facts about Vancouver. “Their teacher is Mrs. Margaret Jones, staff supervisor of the Greater Vancouver Tourist Association.” Among the facts:
- 3,929 residents of Russian extraction
- 154 people who speak only French
- West Vancouver covers 32 square miles
- bank clearings in 1954 were $5 billion
- 32 dance academies
- 9 detective agencies
- 2,225 apartment houses
- 7 pawn brokers
- 14 miles of waterfront
- an average of 1,663 hours of sunshine annually.
March 29 Former BC premier Duff Pattullo died, aged 83. He was born January 19, 1873 in Woodstock, Ontario. He headed west as a young man, worked in Dawson City government in 1897, later buying real estate. In 1908 he moved to Prince Rupert, where in 1916 he was elected a Liberal MLA. He served for 12 years as minister of lands responsible for forestry. Pattullo was Leader of the Opposition from 1928 to 1933. He has been called the most significant of B.C. premiers. He was in office from 1933 to 1941. Robin Fisher has written (1991) a fine biography: Duff Pattullo of British Columbia.
April 3 A bank robbery shoot-out at Cariboo Trail Shopping Centre in Coquitlam left one robber dead and a policeman injured. It was thought to be the first time a machine gun had been used in a local bank robbery.
April 18 American movie actress Grace Kelly married Prince Rainier of Monaco, became Princess Grace.
April 19 Construction started on the main branch of the Vancouver Public Library at Robson and Burrard.
April 21 Elvis Presley had his first #1 hit with Heartbreak Hotel.
April 27 More than 8,000 fans watched Vancouver’s newest sports team—baseball’s Mounties of the brand-new Pacific Coast League—lose 2-1 to the San Francisco Seals in the club’s home debut. The Mounties had been the Oakland Oaks. They would finish dead last (pitcher Ernie Funk was 1-19) in the eight-city circuit. At the end of the season, the Mounties were sold for $150,000 to a syndicate of businessmen, including Nat Bailey of White Spot fame. Shares in the club cost $25. Among the shareholders was Premier W.A.C. Bennett.
April Western Business and Industry magazine, in an article by J. V. Hughes, reported: “During the past 12 months, the [Vancouver Tourist] association office replied to more than 13,000 direct mail inquiries, and answered personal inquiries over the counter of more than 67,000. (Long ago we stopped counting our incoming phone calls.)”
May 5 Charles ‘Pop’ Foster, boxing promoter, died in Glendale, California, aged about 82. He was born c. 1874 in Leeds, Eng. “His father,” writes Constance Brissenden, “ran a carnival fight booth in England; his uncle was a lightweight champion. He fought in the Boer War and WWI. He worked as a fighter and a stevedore. In 1923 Foster discovered future world welterweight champion Jimmy McLarnin (b. Dec. 17, 1905 in Ireland), selling newspapers in Vancouver. At 26, under Foster’s tutelage, McLarnin won the world welterweight title. Foster’s protege was described as “the greatest fighter, pound for pound, in the prize ring today.”
May 22 The newly-appointed manager of the Convention Department of the Vancouver Tourist Bureau was Clarke Todd. He told the papers he aimed to double Vancouver’s convention trade.
May 26 The Vancouver Sun reported: “Average stay of the pleasure tourist here is 4.77 days. He spends $63.43.” The business tourist spent more ($114.91) and stayed longer (5.44 days). In 1955, the Sun said, 65.2 per cent of tourists travelling through Vancouver were from the U.S. 12.5 per cent had complaints: inadequate street and directional signs, poor weather, poor roads. Two out of three parties were in Vancouver for the first time.
June 15 The Stanley Park Aquarium opened, with the ribbon cut by Fisheries Minister James Sinclair. Sinclair’s seven-year-old daughter Margaret was on hand. Fifteen years later, she would become Mrs. Pierre Trudeau. “The Aquarium in Stanley Park,” wrote Dr. Murray Newman, its first director, “is Canada’s largest marine life exhibit and has been recognized by the federal government as Canada’s Pacific National Aquarium . . . Over the years it has grown slowly from modest beginnings to an internationally recognized institution that features major aquatic mammals and significant research and education programs. Its history started in 1951 when a private non-profit society, the Vancouver Public Aquarium Association, was formed with downtown businessman Carl L.A. Lietze as the first President. Capital funds ($300,000) were obtained from the three governments, and the Aquarium opened on June 15, 1956 as the first public aquarium to be built in the country.”
June 22 Burnaby’s stylish new Municipal Hall opened near Deer Lake in the geographical centre of the municipality. Architectural historian Dr. Harold Kalman had some interesting thoughts on the building: “South Burnaby was the original population and economic centre of Burnaby, and so the first municipal hall was built at Kingsway and Edmonds in 1899. By the time the building was outgrown, North Burnaby had become a force to reckon with. Since neither neighborhood would agree to building a new municipal hall on the other’s turf, the compromise saw the new facility being located in the geographical centre of Burnaby, near Deer Lake. The design was no compromise at all. Fred Hollingsworth, one of the pioneers of the new West Coast style, produced an understated masterpiece of modernism, a two-storey structure whose crisp rectangular design symbolized Burnaby’s progressive leadership.”
June 27 Deejay Red Robinson hosted Vancouver’s first rock and roll concert as Bill Haley and the Comets blew ’em away at Kerrisdale Arena. An estimated 6,000 fans screamed for more. The review the next day in The Vancouver Sun described the concert as “the ultimate in musical depravity.”
June 30 A tourist information booth at Marine and Capilano in North Vancouver opened today. The first attendant was Frank Wilson. There’s a booth there to this day.
June “Vancouver,” sports journalist Jack Keating has written, “had what was termed its first ‘Dream Game,’ a game between two professional soccer teams rather than a professional against an amateur all-star team. Aberdeen played Everton to a 3-3 draw at Empire attracting 18,000 in the pouring rain.” Moscow Lokomotive also came here in 1956 to play the Vancouver All-Stars—they were the first sports group to come to North America from the Soviet Union.
July 5 Tim (Rochfort Henry) Sperling, electrical engineer, died in Vancouver, aged 80. Constance Brissenden writes: “Born February 9, 1876 in Yorkshire, Eng., he came to B.C. in 1896 and joined the BC Electric Railway the following year. He became general manager of the company in 1905. He was also the general manager of Vancouver Gas, Victoria Gas, Vancouver Power and Vancouver Island Power. He replaced coal-burning plants with hydro-electric systems on the mainland and on Vancouver Island. In April 1912 Sperling set a five-cent fare for united tram lines in South Vancouver-Vancouver-Burnaby-Point Grey. He returned to England in 1914, on the outbreak of war, and was active in aircraft production. He moved to Drummondville, Que., as vice president of Canadian Celanese Ltd., later returned to live in Vancouver. Burnaby’s Sperling Street is named for him.”
July 26 Egypt’s president Gamal Nasser seized the Suez Canal.
August 1 A baby penguin was born in Stanley Park Zoo; first in Canada.
August 10 Marilyn Bell attempted to swim Juan de Fuca, but after 9 hours and 50 minutes the water was too cold for her to continue. But see August 23.
August 13 Letter carrier service began in White Rock.
August 23 Marilyn Bell, who at age 16 had become famous in 1954 for being the first person to swim across Lake Ontario, and the youngest person to swim across the English Channel (July 31, 1955), became the first woman to swim the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The 18.3-mile (29.4 k/m) crossing, her second attempt, took her 11 hours and 35 minutes. Her swim was from Ediz Hook, near Port Angeles, Washington to Clover Point, Victoria on Vancouver Island. (The word “first” regarding the Juan de Fuca swim may be inaccurate: Bell may have been the second woman to perform the feat. If you know the answer, please tell us here.)
September 24 Entertainer Little Richard was mobbed by fans and a near riot erupted during his show at Kerrisdale Arena.
September 25 Power was turned on in a new 150,000-volt hydro cable laid in the summer between the mainland and Vancouver Island.
October Former Vancouver mayor (1913 to 1914) Truman Smith Baxter died, aged 88. “He was born,” writes Donna Jean McKinnon, “November 24, 1867 on a farm near Carlingford, Fullerton Township, Perth County, Ontario. He arrived in BC in 1890. Baxter, a former teacher and merchant and Vancouver alderman (1900, 1905-06, 1912) was unfortunate in coming to the office of mayor just as the province, and indeed the rest of the country, fell into an economic slump that lasted until the middle years of World War I. All civic departments were reorganized to adapt to the financial crisis and war priorities. At the outbreak of the war, city council voted a two per cent cut in the pay of civil servants, but also formed a Charities and Relief Committee to look after those most in need. Mayor Baxter claimed it was really his idea, not Gerry McGeer’s, to locate the new city hall in Mount Pleasant.”
October ‘Chunky’ (Charles Nanby Wynn) Woodward, 32, grandson of chain founder Charles A. Woodward and son of William Culham Woodward, who had joined the staff of his father’s stores in 1946, was named president of the chain on his father’s retirement.
November 4 Racer Ross Bentley was born.
November 5 Edgar George Baynes, contractor and hotelier, died in Vancouver, aged about 86. He was born on a farm in 1870 in Dunmow, Essex, England, ran away from home at age 13. He was one of the first homesteaders in the Squamish River Valley. He served with the 2nd Essex Rifles (1887-88), and with 5th Canadian Garrison Artillery in Vancouver (1894-99). Baynes came to Vancouver as a contractor in 1888, and in 1893 with partner William McLeod Horie, established Baynes and Horie. That firm built many Vancouver and B.C. public schools. In 1906 he established the Port Haney Brick Co. Baynes built the Grosvenor Hotel (once on Howe Street, now vanished) in 1913, and when the client couldn’t pay for the work took the hotel over and worked as manager. The Vancouver Historical Society remembers Baynes with real warmth, because he provided a meeting place for them at no charge for more than 20 years. He was a parks commissioner for 15 years.
November 28 Fred Hume was elected Vancouver’s mayor for a fourth consecutive term, the first man to accomplish that.
December 5 The first Hungarian refugees, fleeing their country after Soviet troops occupied it, arrived in Vancouver. See the January 24, 1957 entry regarding the faculty and students of the Sopron Forestry School.
One of the people who came was Professor Elod Macskasy (1919-1990). He taught mathematics at UBC for more than 30 years, and was B.C.’s top chess player for most of that time. He would win the Canadian Open Championship in 1958 and had a great influence on young B.C. chess players. Macskasy played on a number of Canadian Olympic chess teams. “In the late ’50s and early ’60s,” wrote chess enthusiast Nathan Divinsky, “he often could be found at the old Heidelberg Restaurant on Robsonstrasse, the hangout for European immigrants.”
Another refugee who arrived this year was sculptor Elek Imredy, born April 13, 1912 in Pest, Hungary. His most well-known local work is Girl in Wet Suit, seen by thousands as they pass by on the Stanley Park Seawall.
December 9 All 62 people (59 passengers, three crew) aboard a Trans-Canada Airlines DC-4 Northstar heading to Calgary died when the plane slammed into Mt. Slesse, in the Cascade Mountains near Chilliwack. Fifty minutes out of Vancouver the pilot had reported a fire in the No. 2 engine, and was turning back. Flying on three engines, and 12 miles south of the assigned airway, the aircraft encountered a difficulty of some kind which led to the loss of control by the crew. “The plane,” wrote Province journalist Don Hunter, “remained hidden under deep snow, its disappearance a mystery for six months before the spring thaw revealed its presence.”
The wreckage was found on May 12, 1957 by a party of climbers who, on their return to Vancouver, notified the Province. The paper ran an Extra edition May 13 announcing the discovery of the wreckage. (The first thing the climbers found was the plane’s navigation map.) We’re indebted to site visitor Andy Hill for expanding on this entry. One of the things he told us was that the Province’s Paddy Sherman, an experienced mountaineer, made subsequent visits to the crash site and testified at length before the resulting Coroner’s inquiry as an expert witness.
It was the worst air crash in Canada’s history to that time. The wreckage still remains at the site, which is now a memorial.
December 22 A French adventurer completed a swim of the Fraser River from Prince George to New Westminster’s Pattullo Bridge. (NOTE: in December!) A fellow named Fin Donnelly would do the same thing in 1995.
December 28 One of the odder human dramas to be played out on the local scene was the arrival of Christian George Hanna, a “man without a country,” who arrived in Vancouver as a working stowaway aboard the Norwegian freighter Gudveig. Hanna, 23, was “not sure where he was born, nor who were his father and mother.” He had been wandering around the world for months, unable to disembark because he had no papers to tell who he was. Something about his story captured the imagination and sympathy of Canadians, and a nationwide campaign began to persuade Canada to take him in. And we did . . . until we discovered Hanna was actually Ahmed Aouad, an Egyptian. Then he got into trouble with convictions for indecent assault and public intoxication. He was deported.
December The McCleery farmhouse, built in 1873, was demolished by the Vancouver Parks Board. The McCleery family farmed right up to this year. The farm became a golf course. In 1985, the Kerrisdale Historical Society would erect a memorial cairn at the site.
Also 1956
A roof is added to Capilano Stadium.
After Frank Griffiths, a chartered accountant, bought CKNW in 1956 he began to turn it into an empire. He left the running of ’NW to its capable staff, but worked behind the scenes to establish a very much larger company that eventually became Western International Communications (radio, TV, cable and more).
The first class of certified general accountants began at UBC. Although 107 students began, only 28 graduated and just two of those were women. One of them was Lucille Johnstone, who would become a legend in B.C. business. She began working in 1944 as a tugboat operator for Rivtow, went on to become president and chief operating officer. By the time she left Rivtow in 1989, after 45 years, the company had reached sales of $250 million and had 1,500 employees. She died December 31, 2004 at age 80. See this site.
The Workmen’s Compensation Board reported that, for the first time, the construction industry passed the lumber industry in number of injuries.
I.A. “Tiny” Rader was hired as sales manager of Allen-Bradley Canada’s Vancouver office. (It’s a very big company, manufacturers of electric and electronic components.) He will later move to the States and become A-B’s Chairman of the Board. Rader is important in BC’s sport history for his early support for the B.C. Lions. (And see the 1941 chronology for an earlier connection between Rader and football in this area.) See this site.
Harry Schiel arrived in Vancouver from Vienna. He will later launch Playboard, a monthly magazine distributed at many entertainment venues in Vancouver.
Dr. Gordon Shrum, already the head of UBC’s physics department, became the university’s dean of graduate studies. He would hold both posts to 1961, then become the first chancellor of Simon Fraser University.
The Burnaby detachment of the RCMP, which had occupied space in city hall since 1935, moved to its own building when Burnaby’s new city hall opened.
Burnaby Library was formally established.
The PGE Railway (now BC Rail) was completed from Squamish to Horseshoe Bay along Howe Sound, and the Horseshoe Bay to North Vancouver section was rebuilt. The railway had finally fulfilled its mandate to connect the Port of Vancouver to Prince George.
A new Community Centre opened in Cloverdale, four years after the old “Opera House” burned down.
Vancouver’s Glendalough Place was named for the old family home of Alderman Anna Sprott. The meaning is “lake in the glen.”
Vancouver City Council, Ed Starkins has written, “attentive to the complaints of downtown businessmen who had been losing trade to suburban shopping centres, rezoned the West End [in 1956] to allow significantly higher population density. Artists’ renderings made the proposed high rise architecture look classy and attractive. To avoid overcrowding, broad areas of open space, determined by a mathematical formula, would surround each new structure.”
The Parkview Towers apartment building went up at Chestnut and Cornwall on land that had once been an Indian reserve. The same land was used during the Second World War as an RCAF Equipment Depot.
“From its beginnings in 1956 as little more than a developer’s pipe-dream,” Max Wyman has written, “Lions Bay has survived bankruptcy, hurricanes and devastating debris torrents to celebrate in 1996 25 years as the GVRD’s smallest and most dramatically sited municipality.
“Nestled in a steeply raked bowl of second-growth forest, overlooking Howe Sound and overlooked by the majestic twin peaks of The Lions, the village is located 11 kilometres north of Horseshoe Bay.
“When North Vancouver resident R.A. (Bob) Nelson purchased the land in 1956, Lions Bay was accessible only by water. The community consisted of a few summer cottages and an open space known as St. Mark’s picnic grounds. But Nelson’s dream of a complete residential community coincided with the extension of the Pacific Great Eastern (today BC Rail) line from West Vancouver to Squamish in 1956 and the construction of the Seaview (today Sea-to-Sky) Highway two years later.”
Max’s full article can be read in The Greater Vancouver Book, Page 117. Lions Bay was incorporated in 1971. They estimate their 2005 population to be about 1,800. See this site.
D.W. Poppy was elected as reeve of Langley Township. His father, David William Poppy, had been reeve from 1908 to 1913 and again from 1919 to 1923.
Richmond’s population was 26,000.
Construction began on the Centennial Pavilion at Vancouver General Hospital.
Construction began on the Buchanan Building at UBC.
The storehouse at Fort Langley was the only survivor of the original buildings. Starting this year, replicas were constructed of the Big House (built for chief factor James Douglas, later the first Governor of British Columbia) and the other buildings.
Vancouver’s first aquarium, on English Bay since 1939, closed.
Construction started on the second Second Narrows Bridge. It would be completed in 1960. In 1958, during construction, the collapse of the north anchor arm killed 18 men. In 1994 the bridge would be renamed The Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing, usually shortened to the Ironworkers Memorial Bridge.
Architect Arthur Erickson, 32, conceived a plan to turn Vancouver’s West End into one gigantic apartment building, “a stack of monster suites,” Taras Grescoe wrote, “that culminated in hundred-storey twin peaks at either end of the downtown.”
The Vancouver Fire Department was described as having “the best fire department on the continent” by the past president of the International Association of Fire Chiefs. The VFD won the National Fire Protection Association’s Grand Award this year for having the most outstanding fire prevention program.
The Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District was incorporated, a successor to the Vancouver and District Joint Sewerage and Drainage Board, which had been incorporated in 1914.
Henry F. Angus ended 37 years as a member of the UBC faculty. He had been head of the economics, political science and sociology department since 1930, the first dean of graduate studies since 1949. He became Dean Emeritus. Angus died in Vancouver September 17, 1991.
UBC took over the responsibility for training BC’s teachers, but there was no central facility for instruction. The Neville Scarfe Building wouldn’t open until October 4, 1962.
The B.C. Children’s Hospital, then on land between West 59th and West 60th Avenues and Manitoba and Columbia Streets, recognized the traumatic psychological effects of separating children from their families during hospitalization. They began to seek a unified children’s facility where families would be part of the treatment.
The Vancouver-based British Columbia Cancer Institute launched a cervical screening program (the Pap smear program) across the province, under the direction of Dr. H.K. Fidler and Dr. David Boyes. The program sought to include all women in B.C. over the age of 20, and became a model for other countries.
Acropolis, a Greek and English newspaper, began publishing.
The Alpine Garden Club of British Columbia began publishing a five-times-a-year Bulletin for its members. The publication contained articles on plants, especially alpines, occurrence in wild, club news, plant culture and more.
The Vancouver Aquarium Association began publishing Aqua Scene, a three-times-a-year newsletter.
Membership in The Society of Notaries Public of B.C., incorporated November 2, 1926, was optional until membership became compulsory this year through statutory amendments. The same amendments gave the society full professional status with power to discipline members. Today, British Columbia and Quebec are the only two Canadian provinces where notaries are organized in a statutory self-governing society.
The New York-based advertising agency J. Walter Thompson opened a Vancouver office.
The Postman, a red granite relief showing a striding mail carrier, was installed on the main post office. The sculptor was Paul Huda.
Photographer Derik Murray was born in Vancouver. With Marthe Love and Whitecap Books publisher Michael Burch, Murray was responsible for one of the best selling and most successful books ever produced in B.C., The Expo Celebration. Murray/Love Productions would also give us Share The Flame: The Official Retrospective of the Olympic Torch Relay.
Author Paul Yee was born in Spalding, Saskatchewan. He moved to Vancouver shortly after and grew up in Chinatown. He will be the first recipient of the Vancouver Book Award for his illustrated history of Vancouver’s Chinese community, Saltwater City. Formerly an archivist for the City of Vancouver, Yee left to become Multicultural Coordinator for the Archives of Ontario.
High Bluff, Manitoba-born Ira Dilworth, 62, a scholar and broadcaster, who had been with the CBC in Vancouver since 1938, was promoted to director of all CBC English networks.
James ‘Jim’ Kinnaird, 23, arrived in Vancouver. Born January 5, 1933 in Edinburgh, Scotland, Kinnaird became active in local labor groups. He would be elected president of the B.C. Federation of Labor in 1978.
H.R. MacMillan, 71, resigned as chair of MacMillan Bloedel.
Ampthill, England-born Mary Pack, famous for her work in the fight against arthritis and rheumatism, and a teacher of physically handicapped children for the Vancouver School Board, was given the Post No. 2 Native Sons of B.C. Good Citizen Award. (In 1953 she had received the Queen’s Coronation Medal.) She was described as an “angel of mobility.”
Sikh priest Giani Harnam Singh died. He had run a pioneer lumber business and helped found the Akali Singh Sikh Temple. After his death his widow, Jagdish Kaur Singh, started a gravel truck business in Chilliwack. She became a director of Dhillon Holdings and owner of several dairy farms and land holdings in Chilliwack and Langley area. A staunch supporter of Sikhism, she donated to charities worldwide.
Warren Tallman, a teacher and literary critic, born November 17, 1921 in Seattle, Washington, arrived in Vancouver with his wife Ellen (born November 9, 1927 in Berkeley, Calif.) They both taught in the UBC English department. Their home would become a centre of study and enjoyment of modern poetry in the city.
Wanda Biana Selma Ziegler, about 82, president of Ziegler Chocolate Shops, retired. She had run the chain since 1923 and the death of her husband, Fritz. Beginning with the three stores he had established she gradually expanded to eleven. On her retirement, the shops closed. Mrs. Ziegler died in Fort Langley March 3, 1967, aged about 93.
